Comprehensive Treatment and Functional Rehabilitation After Pelvic Fracture in the Elderly With Multiple Organ Failure:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

We reported the comprehensive treatment of an elderly critically ill patient with pelvic fracture.The functions and quality of life of the patient were recovered after collaborative nursing by both family and hospital according to the general practice principle of both mental and physical rehabilitation.We summarized the diagnosis and treatment strategies of this case,aiming to provide reference for the clinical treatment of such cases.

The Impact of Hip Fractures in the Public Health System in Brazil (SUS) 2008 - 2017: The Orthopedist Task / O impacto das fraturas do quadril no SUS 2008 - 2017: O papel do ortopedista

Abstract Objective The present study intends to describe the profile of hospitalization and ambulatory rehabilitation of patients ≥ 50 years old due to hip fracture in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym). Methods This is a cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized due to hip fracture in the SUS between 2008 and 2017. Data included 441,787 hip fracture-related hospitalizations from the hospitalization database of the department of informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym), and data of patients who underwent rehabilitation from the ambulatory database of the department of informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIA/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym.). Results Most of hip fracture-related hospitalizations (83.5%) happen to people ≥ 50 years old, with an average annual growth of 5.6% in hip fracture-related hospitalizations. The costs for the government have been growing in the same proportion and reached almost BRL 130 million in 2017, although with a 13.6% decrease in average cost per hospitalization. Besides the financial impact, hip fractures result in an in-hospital mortality rate around 5.0% in patients aged ≥ 50 years old. In addition, the percentage of patients that have undergone hip fracture-related rehabilitation increased from 2008 (14.0%) to 2012 (40.0%), and remained stable after that. Conclusions The progressive increase in the incidence of hip fractures shows the financial and social impact, and the need for immediate actions to prevent this rising trend. Hip fractures are a risk for secondary fractures, the prevention is crucial, and the orthopedist plays a central role in this process.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil de hospitalização e reabilitação ambulatorial de pacientes com idade ≥ 50 anos por fratura de quadril no Sistema Público de Saúde no Brasil (SUS). Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal de pacientes internados por fratura de quadril no SUS entre 2008 e 2017. Os dados incluíram 441.787 internações relacionadas à fratura de quadril do banco de dados de internação (SIH/DATASUS) e dados de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação do banco de dados ambulatorial (SIA/DATASUS). Resultados A maioria das hospitalizações relacionadas à fratura de quadril (83,5%) ocorre em pessoas ≥ 50 anos, com um crescimento médio anual de 5,6% nas hospitalizações relacionadas à fratura de quadril (HRFQ). Os custos para o governo cresceram na mesma proporção e atingiram quase 130 milhões de reais em 2017, embora com uma redução de 13,6% no custo médio por hospitalização. Além do impacto financeiro, as fraturas de quadril resultam em uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar em torno de 5,0% em pacientes ≥ 50 anos. Além disso, o percentual de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação relacionada à fratura de quadril aumentou de 2008 (14,0%) para 2012 (40,0%) e permaneceu estável após esse período. Conclusões O aumento progressivo da incidência de fraturas de quadril mostra o impacto financeiro e social e a necessidade de ações imediatas para evitar essa tendência crescente. As fraturas de quadril são um risco para fraturas secundárias, a prevenção é crucial e o ortopedista desempenha um papel central nesse processo.

Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly / Fraturas intracapsulares do colo femoral no idoso

Abstract Currently, intracapsular femoral neck fracture (IFNF) is still a great challenge for orthopedists. In spite of the progress that has been made, a high mortality rate persists in the first year, especially in Brazil, where there is no awareness that such fractures in elderly patients should be treated as amedical emergency. The present article seeks to provide an update on the preoperative, surgical, and postoperative approaches.

Resumo Atualmente, a fratura intracapsular do colo femoral (FICF) ainda é um grande desafio para os ortopedistas. Apesar dos grandes avanços feitos, persiste uma grande taxa de mortalidade no primeiro ano, sobretudo no Brasil, onde não há uma conscientização de que tais fraturas nos pacientes idosos devemser tratadas como uma urgênciamédica. O presente artigo busca fornecer uma atualização das condutas pré-operatórias, cirúrgicas e pós-operatórias.

Fracturas del extremo proximal de fémur tratadas con Sistema Dinámico de Cadera. Evaluación de resultados / Fractures of the proximal end of femur treated with Dynamic Hip System. Evaluation of results

RESUMEN Introducción: el tratamiento ideal en las fracturas estables del extremo proximal de fémur lo constituye el Sistema Dinámico de cadera. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de su uso en dichas fracturas. Diseño metodológico: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de tipo longitudinal de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por fractura del extremo proximal de fémur en el Hospital Provincial José Ramón López Tabrane, de Matanzas en el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2013 y diciembre del 2015, quedando la muestra constituida por 128 pacientes. Resultados: encontramos un predominio de las femeninas (60%) y el grupo de edades más representado el de 70 a 79 años con 50 pacientes. Predominaron las fracturas extracapsulares con 122 pacientes, siendo dentro de la variedad del DHS la placa de 130 grados la más usada en 81% de los casos. Se operó el 78 % de los pacientes antes de las 2 horas, presentando 12 complicaciones locales, dentro de las cuales resaltó el colapso de la fractura con 4 pacientes. El 70 % de los pacientes apoyó antes de las 12 semanas, presentando 33 % de fallecidos en el primer año de operado. El 92 % de los pacientes fueron evaluados de bien al final de los resultados. Conclusiones: el Sistema Dinámico de Cadera constituye el método de osteosíntesis ideal en fracturas estables con muy buenos resultados funcionales y con temprana indicación de carga de peso; recomendamos su uso en las fracturas estables del extremo proximal de fémur por sus buenos resultados (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: the ideal treatment for stable fractures of the proximal end of the femur is the Dynamic Hip System. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of its use in such fractures. Methodological design: a longitudinal, descriptive, observational study of patients operated on for fractures of the proximal end of the femur was carried out at the José Ramón López Tabrane Provincial Hospital, Matanzas, between January 2013 and December 2015. The sample consisted of 128 patients. Results: we found a predominance of females (60%) and the most represented age group was 70-79 years old with 50 patients. Extracapsular fractures predominated with 122 patients, being within the DHS variety the 130 degree plate the most used in 81% of the cases. Seventy-eight percent of the patients were operated before 2 hours, presenting 12 local complications, among which the collapse of the fracture stood out with 4 patients. Seventy percent of the patients supported before 12 weeks, presenting 33% of deaths in the first year of surgery. Ninety-two percent of the patients were evaluated as being well at the end of the results. Conclusions: The Dynamic Hip System constitutes the ideal method of osteosynthesis in stable fractures with very good functional results and with early indication of weight load;we recommend its use in stable fractures of the proximal end of the femur because of its good results (AU).

Rehabilitación de las fracturas de cadera. Revisión sistemática / Rehabilitation of hip fractures. Systematic review

Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas de cadera se consideran entre las lesiones incapacitantes más comunes en mayores de 60 años. Se asocian a un alto índice de mortalidad y es la causa más frecuente de internamiento que requiere tratamiento quirúrgico en unidades médicas dedicadas a la traumatología. Métodos: Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo agrupar, clasificar y reportar el mejor nivel de evidencia en el manejo de terapia física y rehabilitación en los pacientes con fractura pertrocantérica y subtrocantérica de cadera después de la cirugía de osteosíntesis en desenlaces de actividades de la vida diaria, independencia y complicaciones. Resultados: Se identificaron 3,389 resúmenes y a través de otras fuentes 1,567 resúmenes, se eliminaron duplicados en la búsqueda y posterior a un cribado se obtuvieron 378 artículos para la eliminación adicional. De los 62 ensayos restantes se incluyeron 21 y 41 fueron excluidos. Conclusiones: Los resultados a largo plazo de la terapia física especializada parecen ser cruciales en los primeros meses y no tan importantes al cabo de cuatro meses. La literatura actual sostiene que las diferencias en las capacidades de la vida diaria e independencia de los pacientes que sobreviven, el tratamiento de una fractura de cadera tiende a ser similar independientemente del programa de rehabilitación que se tenga.

Abstract: Introduction: Hip fractures are considered among one of the most disabling injuries in patients older than 60 years of age. This fractures are associated with a high incidence of mortality and it is the leading cause of hospital admission that requires surgical treatment in Orthopaedic Trauma Centers. Methods: This systematic review aimed to group, classify and report the best level of evidence of physical therapy and rehabilitation of patients that have been treated with osteostynthesis after trochanteric or subtrochanteric fracture. The outcomes of efficacy and safety were return to activities of daily living, independence and rate of complications. Results: We identified 3,889 abstracts from PubMed, and 1,567 abstracts from other sources, after eliminating duplicates, and posterior to a thorough screening 378 abstracts were read. From these, 316 abstracts were excluded, and 62 articles were considered eligible. After reading for relevant outcomes 41 articles were excluded. Synthesis was based in 21 studies. Conclusions: Long term results of specialized physical therapy, appear to be crucial in the first months after surgery, and not that important after the four months after surgery. Recent literature supports that the differences of daily activities and independence of the patients that survive a hip fracture tend to be similar with no difference in the type of physical therapy.

Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hip fracture occurs predominantly in older people, many of whom are frail and undernourished. After hip fracture surgery and rehabilitation, most patients experience a decline in mobility and function. Anabolic steroids, the synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone, have been used in combination with exercise to improve muscle mass and strength in athletes. They may have similar effects in older people who are recovering from hip fracture. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects (primarily in terms of functional outcome and adverse events) of anabolic steroids after surgical treatment of hip fracture in older people. METHODS: Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialized Register (10 September 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2013 Issue 8), MEDLINE (1946 to August Week 4 2013), EMBASE (1974 to 2013 Week 36), trial registers, conference proceedings, and reference lists of relevant articles. The search was run in September 2013. Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials of anabolic steroids given after hip fracture surgery, in inpatient or outpatient settings, to improve physical functioning in older patients with hip fracture. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected trials (based on predefined inclusion criteria), extracted data and assessed each study's risk of bias. A third review author moderated disagreements. Only very limited pooling of data was possible. The primary outcomes were function (for example, independence in mobility and activities of daily living) and adverse events, including mortality. MAIN RESULTS: We screened 1290 records and found only three trials involving 154 female participants, all of whom were aged above 65 years and had had hip fracture surgery. All studies had methodological shortcomings that placed them at high or unclear risk of bias. Because of this high risk of bias, imprecise results and likelihood of publication bias, we judged the quality of the evidence for all primary outcomes to be very low. These trials tested two comparisons. One trial had three groups and contributed data to both comparisons. None of the trials reported on patient acceptability of the intervention. Two very different trials compared anabolic steroid versus control (no anabolic steroid or placebo). One trial compared anabolic steroid injections (given weekly until discharge from hospital or four weeks, whichever came first) versus placebo injections in 29 "frail elderly females". This found very low quality evidence of little difference between the two groups in the numbers discharged to a higher level of care or dead (one person in the control group died) (8/15 versus 10/14; risk ratio (RR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 1.33; P = 0.32), time to independent mobilization or individual adverse events. The second trial compared anabolic steroid injections (every three weeks for six months) and daily protein supplementation versus daily protein supplementation alone in 40 "lean elderly women" who were followed up for one year after surgery. This trial provided very low quality evidence that anabolic steroid may result in less dependency, assessed in terms of being either dependent in at least two functions or dead (one person in the control group died) at six and 12 months, but the result was also compatible with no difference or an increase in dependency (dependent in at least two levels of function or dead at 12 months: 1/17 versus 5/19; RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.73; P = 0.15). The trial found no evidence of between-group differences in individual adverse events. Two trials compared anabolic steroids combined with another nutritional intervention ('steroid plus') versus control (no 'steroid plus'). One trial compared anabolic steroid injections every three weeks for 12 months in combination with daily supplement of vitamin D and calcium versus calcium only in 63 women who were living independently at home. The other trial compared anabolic steroid injections every three weeks for six months and daily protein supplementation versus control in 40 "lean elderly women". Both trials found some evidence of better function in the steroid plus group. One trial reported greater independence, higher Harris hip scores and gait speeds in the steroid plus group at 12 months. The second trial found fewer participants in the anabolic steroid group were either dependent in at least two functions, including bathing, or dead at six and 12 months (one person in the control group died) (1/17 versus 7/18; RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.10; P = 0.06). Pooled mortality data (2/51 versus 3/51) from the two trials showed no evidence of a difference between the two groups at one year. Similarly, there was no evidence of between-group differences in individual adverse events. Three participants in the steroid group of one trial reported side effects of hoarseness and increased facial hair. The other trial reported better quality of life in the steroid plus group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence is insufficient to draw conclusions on the effects, primarily in terms of functional outcome and adverse events, of anabolic steroids, either separately or in combination with nutritional supplements, after surgical treatment of hip fracture in older people. Given that the available data points to the potential for more promising outcomes with a combined anabolic steroid and nutritional supplement intervention, we suggest that future research should focus on evaluating this combination.

Influência do cuidador informal na reabilitação do idoso em pós-operatório de fratura de fêmur proximal / Influencia del cuidador informal en la rehabilitación de las personas mayores en postoperatorio de la fractura del fémur proximal / The influence of informal caregivers on the rehabilitation of the elderly in the postoperative period of proximal femoral fracture

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a influência do cuidador informal na independência funcional de idosos no pós-operatório de fratura de fêmur proximal por quedas. Método Revisão integrativa, cujo corpus de análise reuniu 23 artigos, entre 2002 e 2012, das bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, US National Library of Medicine e Scopus. Resultados Predominaram estudos com autoria de chineses e enfermeiros. A análise dos estudos evidenciou que as quedas seguidas por fraturas promovem a dependência de idosos e, consequentemente, a sobrecarga aos cuidadores, demonstrando o binômio idoso dependente-cuidador necessitar de apoio no processo de reabilitação. Conclusões Os cuidadores informais ainda precisam ser inseridos no planejamento e capacitados para o cuidado pelos profissionais da saúde, uma vez que influenciam positivamente a independência funcional no pós-operatório.

RESUMEN Objetivo Verificar la influencia del cuidador informal en la independencia funcional de ancianos en postoperatorio de fractura proximal de fémur por caídas. Método Revisión integradora, cuyo análisis se reunieron 23 artículos, entre 2002 y 2012, en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, US National Library of Medicine e Scopus. Resultados Predominaron estudios con autores chinos y enfermeros. El análisis de los estudios evidenció que las caídas que producen fracturas promueven la dependencia de ancianos y, consecuentemente, sobrecarga en los cuidadores, demostrando la dupla anciano dependiente-cuidador necesidad de apoyo en el proceso de rehabilitación. Conclusiones Los cuidadores informales necesitan inserción en la planificación, además de capacitación para cuidados por parte de profesionales de salud, toda vez que influyen positivamente en la independencia funcional durante el postoperatorio.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the influence of informal caregivers on the functional independence of older adults in the postoperative period of proximal femoral fracture due to falls. Method It is an integrative review of a corpus for analysis that gathered 23 articles, between 2002 and 2012, from databases "Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde" (Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature in Health Sciences), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, US National Library of Medicine and Scopus. Results There was a predominance of studies by Chinese authors and nurses. The analysis of the studies evidenced that falls followed by fractures lead to dependence of older adults and, consequently, an overload to caregivers. Moreover, older adults and caregivers showed a need for support in the rehabilitation process. Conclusions Informal caregivers still need to be included in care planning and to be qualified for such care by health professionals, since they positively influence functional independence in the postoperative period.

Cuidadores informais de idosos em pós-operatório de cirurgia de fêmur proximal: prevenção de novas quedas / Informal caregivers of older people recovering from surgery for hip fractures caused by a fall: fall prevention

Os objetivos foram caracterizar sociodemograficamente os cuidadores informais de idosos vítimas de queda seguida por fratura de fêmur proximal e verificar o conhecimento mínimo que possuíam acerca da prevenção de novas quedas, assim como caracterizar a relação entre esse conhecimento e o emprego de medidas preventivas. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com amostragem intencional, realizado em 12 meses, incluindo 89 cuidadores. Predominaram cuidadores do sexo feminino (76,4%) e filhas(os) (64%). A modificação ambiental foi a medida preventiva predominante apontada por eles (88,2%). Houve associação significativa (p = 0,002), entre os 58,1% dos cuidadores que achavam ser possível prevenir quedas e os relatos sobre mudanças na casa e/ou rotina do idoso. Observou-se que cuidadores informais que apresentavam conhecimento sobre prevenção de quedas em idosos, mesmo que incompletos, empregavam medidas de prevenção para novos eventos. Esses achados sinalizam que o número de quedas entre idosos pode ser reduzido significantemente se os programas de atenção à saúde ampliarem suas ações apoiando-as no modelo de prevenção de quedas da Organização Mundial de Saúde. .

The objectives of this study were to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics of informal caregivers of elderly persons who had undergone surgery for hip fractures caused by a fall, explore the level of caregiver's knowledge regarding fall prevention, and assess the relationship between this knowledge and the use of preventative measures in practice. This investigation consists of a cross-sectional study using nonprobability sampling methods conducted over a period of 12 months and involving 89 caregivers. The majority of caregivers were female (76.4%) and sons or daughters of the patients (64%). Environmental modification was the predominant preventative measure used by caregivers (88.2%). 58.1% of caregivers believed it was possible to prevent falls in the elderly and there was a significant association (p = 0,002) between believing it was possible to prevent falls and carrying out modifications in the home and/or to the daily routine of the older person. Informal caregivers with wide or partial knowledge of fall prevention put preventative measures into practice. These findings demonstrate that the number of falls among older persons could be significantly reduced if health care programmes widened their actions to include the guiding principles of the WHO falls prevention model.

Personality factors in recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: a preliminary investigation with the NEO-FFI scale / Fatores de personalidade em pacientes com diagnóstico recente de esclerose múltipla: uma investigação preliminar com a escala NEO-FFI

This article describes some prevalent personality dimensions of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients. A sample of 33 female recently diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) was assessed with the NEO-FFI personality scale. Beck depression (BDI) and anxiety (BAI) scales were also used. No significant levels of anxiety or depression were identified in this group. As for personality factors, conscientiousness was the most common factor found, whereas openness to experience was the least observed. Literature on the relationship between personality and MS is scarce and there are no Brazilian studies on this subject. Some personality traits might complicate or facilitate the experience of living with a chronic, disabling and uncertain neurological condition such as MS.

Este artigo descreve alguns traços prevalentes de personalidade em pacientes com esclerose múltipla recém-diagnosticada. Uma amostra de 33 mulheres recentemente diagnosticadas com a forma clínica remitente-recorrente da esclerose múltipla (EMRR) foi avaliada com a escala de personalidade NEO-FFI. As escalas de Beck de depressão e de ansiedade também foram usadas. Não foram identificados níveis significativos de ansiedade ou depressão neste grupo. Em relação aos fatores de personalidade, a conscienciosidade se mostrou como o traço mais prevalente, enquanto a abertura à experiência foi o menos observado nesta amostra. A literatura acerca desta relação esclerose múltipla-personalidade é pouco expressiva e não há estudos brasileiros sobre este tema. Acredita-se que alguns traços de personalidade possam dificultar ou facilitar a experiência de estar vivendo com uma condição neurológica crônica, incapacitante e de curso incerto como a esclerose múltipla.

Fisioterapia no pós-operatório de fratura proximal do fêmur em idosos: revisão da literatura / Physical therapy in the post-operative of proximal femur fracture in elderly: Literature review

As fraturas proximais do fêmur em idosos representam um sério problema de saúde publica. O tratamento cirúrgico dessa fratura serve para reduzir as morbidades, juntamente com a fisioterapia pós-operatória. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre protocolos de fisioterapia no pós-operatório de fraturas proximais de fêmur em idosos. Foram selecionados ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados, em idosos, dos últimos 10 anos, nos idiomas português e inglês. Foram encontrados 14 artigos na literatura. A fisioterapia tem um papel importante na recuperação funcional desses idosos. Nível de Evidência I, Revisão Sistemática de ECRC (Estudos clínicos randomizados e controlados).

The proximal femoral fractures in the elderly is a serious public health problem. Surgical treatment of this fracture are used to reduce morbidity, together with postoperative physical therapy. The objective was to conduct a systematic review of physical therapy protocols in postoperative for fractures of the proximal femur in elderly. We selected randomized controlled trials in elderly in the past 10 years, in Portuguese and English. There were 14 articles in the literature. Physical therapy has an important role in functional recovery of the elderly. Level of Evidence I, Systematic Review RCTs (Study results were homogenous).

Novo método de imobilização provisória nas fraturas do fêmur proximal / New method of preoperative immobilization for the proximal femoral fractures

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do uso de um novo método de imobilização provisória para os pacientes com fratura transtrocanteriana durante o período pré-operatório. Métodos: Durante três meses, 33 pacientes foram atendidos no Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia devido à fratura transtrocantérica. Foram selecionados 22 pacientes e divididos em um grupo que utilizou a imobilização desenvolvida e outro que não utilizou. Os pacientes participaram da avaliação com a Escala Visual Analógica de Dor (EVA) em três momentos distintos durante o período perioperatório para se observarem o consumo de analgésicos e as possíveis complicações. Resultados: O grupo que utilizou a imobilização queixou-se de menos dor, utilizou menor quantidade de analgésicos e apresentou menor incidência de complicações clínicas. Conclusão: O uso do aparelho pareceu ser eficaz, porém foi estatisticamente não significativo. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a new method of provisional preoperative imobilization for patientes with transtrochanteric femoral fractures. Methods: Over a three-month period, 33 patients were treated at the Orthopaedic Trauma Service for transtrochanteric femoral fracture. We selected 22 patients and they were divided into groups with and without the use of the developed imobilization. The patients were evaluated according to the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS) during the preoperative and postoperative period in order to verify the analgesic consume and clinical complications. Results: The group that used the imobilization had lower pain, reduced analgesic consume and had less clinical complications. Conclusion: The new imobilization therefore presents good results, however not statistical significant. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.

Intervenciones de enfermería en la atención del adulto mayor con fractura de cadera / Nursing interventions for the care of elderly with hip fracture

Las fracturas de cadera constituyen un problema de salud pública, representan 9 de cada 10 fracturas en personas mayores de 60 años; afectando la autoestima, bienestar personal, familiar y social, aunado al coste económico y la incidencia en la mortalidad global en un 30% en los primeros 6 meses tras la lesión. Metodología: Con el propósito de estandarizar las intervenciones de enfermería en la atención del paciente adulto mayor con fractura de cadera, se formularon 6 preguntas clínicas a responder para determinar intervenciones de enfermería en la identificación de signos y síntomas, mejorar actividades básicas de la vida diaria, prevenir complicaciones secundarias al tratamiento quirúrgico, edad e inmovilidad; e intervenciones de colaboración en la rehabilitación inicial del paciente postoperado. Se realizó la búsqueda sistemática de documentos en base de datos electrónicos, para la selección de evidencias y recomendaciones, mismas que fueron gradadas con la escala modificada de Shekelle, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, entre otras. Además se llevó a cabo una validación interna por pares y una revisión externa para su emisión final. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojo 70 documentos ( guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas y revisiones narrativas) de los cuales fueron de utilidad 38; dichos documentos contestaron las preguntas clínicas con evidencias y recomendaciones de bajo a alto nivel. Conclusión: La guía recoge la mejor evidencia disponible al momento de su publicación para fundamentar las intervenciones de enfermería en la atención del adulto mayor con fractura de cadera. adulto mayor, fractura de cadera, enfermería, intervenciones.

Hip fractures are considered a public health problem and represent 9 out of 10 fractures in people older than 60 years old. This affects their self-esteem, personal, family and social welfare, adding along the economic cost and the impact of a 30% of mortality in the first 6 months after the injury.Methodology: In order to standardize nursing interventions in the care of elderly patients with hip fracture there were created six clinical questions to be responded. These determine nursing interventions by identifying the signs and symptoms, improving basic activities of the daily living, preventing secondary complications due to surgery, age and immobility and interventions that collaborate with initial rehabilitation of recent operated patients. A systematic search was preformed based on a electronic database for the selection of evidence and recommendation, same that were graded with a modified scale: Shekelle, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, among others preformed. There was also preformed an internal validation by peers and an external review for the final publication.Results: The search yielded 70 scientific documents (clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews and narrative reviews), of which 38 were useful. These documents answered the clinical questions with evidence and recommendation from low to high levels. Conclusion: The guide gathered the best evidence available till its publication to support nursing interventions in the care of the elderly with hip fracture. elderly, hip fracture, nursing interventions.

Antecedentes: As fraturas de quadril são um problema de saúde pública, representam 9 em cada 10 fraturas em pessoas com mais de 60 anos; afetando a auto-estima, pessoal, familiar e bem-estar social, juntamente com o custo económico e o impacto sobre a mortalidade global em 30% nos primeiros 6 meses após a lesão.Metodologia: A fim de padronizar as intervenções de enfermagem no cuidado de pacientes idosos com fratura de quadril, 6 questões clínicas para responder para determinar as intervenções de enfermagem na identificação de sinais e sintomas, melhorar as atividades básicas da vida diária foram feitas , prevenir complicações secundárias à cirurgia, idade e imobilidade; e intervenções de colaboração na reabilitação do paciente no pós-operatório inicial. a procura sistemática de documentos no banco de dados eletrônico para a seleção de provas e recomendações, mesmo que foram classificados com a escala modificada Shekelle, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines rede, entre outros realizados. Além disso, ele realizou uma validação interna por pares e avaliação externa para a emissão final.Resultados: A busca resultou em 70 documentos (diretrizes de prática clínica, revisões sistemáticas e revisões narrativas), dos quais 38 eram úteis; estes documentos responderam perguntas evidências clínicas e recomendações de baixo a alto nível.Conclusão: O guia abrange a melhor evidência disponível no momento da publicação para apoiar intervenções de enfermagem no cuidado de idosos com fratura de quadril. idoso, fratura de quadril, intervenções de enfermagem.

Does Venous Thromboembolism Affect Rehabilitation after Hip Fracture Surgery?

PURPOSE: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a serious and life-threatening complication in elderly (older than 65 years) patients undergoing hip fracture surgery (HFS). However, few have reported on the influences of VTE on postoperative rehabilitation in these patients. This study was performed to determine whether VTE affects clinical outcomes in patients who underwent HFS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 330 HFSs in 325 consecutive patients, which were performed from January 2009 to June 2010. From chart review, we identified 15 patients with symptomatic VTE. We compared Geriatric depression scale, Modified Barthel index and Berg balance scale scores as well as 10 meter gait speed at discharge and hospital stay between a symptomatic VTE group and a non-VTE group. RESULTS: No significant difference in clinical outcomes at discharge between the two groups was found, although hospital stay was longer in patients with symptomatic VTE (p=0.012). CONCLUSION: East Asian patients have a low incidence of symptomatic VTE after HFS, and the clinical outcomes of patients with symptomatic VTE were similar to patients without VTE, although there was a longer rehabilitation period.

Tratamento das fraturas femorais subtrocantéricas com placas de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur / The treatment of femoral subtrochanteric fractures with the proximal lateral femur locking plates

OBJETIVO: Estudar o desfecho de fraturas subtrocantéricas de quadril tratadas com placa de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur. MÉTODO: Revisamos retrospectivamente os resultados clínicos de 48 casos de fraturas subtrocantéricas tratadas com placas de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur de janeiro de 2008 a maio de 2010. Registrou-se o progresso da consolidação da fratura, assim como a ocorrência de complicações. A função da articulação do quadril foi avaliada pelo índice social de Harris e o escore de mobilidade de Parker-Palmer, um ano após a cirurgia. RESULTADO: Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram acompanhados até a união da fratura ou a revisão da cirurgia. Entre os 45 pacientes, 43 atingiram a união da fratura sem outra intervenção. Trinta e oito fraturas consolidaram sem perda da posição no acompanhamento de um ano. Não houve casos de perfuração da cabeça do fêmur pelo parafuso. O escore médio do índice social de Harris foi 86,5 ± 9,8 (73 ~95). A média do escore de mobilidade de Parker e Palmer foi 7,4 ± 2,1 (3~ 9). CONCLUSÃO: A placa de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur é o tipo de fixação interna estável e efetiva para tratar as fraturas subtrocantéricas de quadril e tem a vantagem de fixação estável, em especial em fratura da parede lateral do fêmur. Nível de evidência IV, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: To study the outcome of subtrochanteric hip fractures treated by using a proximal lateral femur locking plate. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical results of 48 cases of femoral subtrochanteric fractures treated with proximal lateral femur locking plates from Jan 2008 to May 2010. The progress of fracture healing, as well as the occurrence of complications, was recorded. The function of the hip joint was evaluated by Harris social index and the Parker and Palmer mobility score at 1 year after the operation. RESULT: 45 patients were followed up until fracture union or a revision surgery. Among the 45 patients, 43 patients obtained fracture union without further intervention. 38 fractures healed with no loss of position at the 1-year follow-up. There were no cases of hip screw cutting through the femoral head. The mean score of Harris social index was 86.5±9.8 (73~95). The mean Parker and Palmer mobility score was 7.4±2.1 (3~9). CONCLUSION: The proximal lateral femur locking plate is the kind of stable and effective internal fixation of treating subtrochanteric hip fractures which has the advantage of stable fixation especially for the lateral femoral wall fracture. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Evaluación funcional en ancianos intervenidos de fractura de cadera / Avaliação funcional em idosos intervindos de fratura de quadril / Functional evolution in elderly individuals with hip fracture surgery

Estudio observacional prospectivo en pacientes mayores de 65 años intervenidos de fractura de cadera. El objetivo fue conocer la evolución funcional de los pacientes a los tres meses del alta hospitalaria, identificar variables relacionadas con dicha recuperación funcional, describir la mortalidad e institucionalización asociadas al proceso. Se analizaron variables demográficas como edad, sexo, convivencia. Otros aspectos registrados fueron: comorbilidad, deterioro cognitivo, capacidad para caminar, nivel de dependencia según índice de Barthel, institucionalización y mortalidad. Se recogió la información al ingreso y a los 3 meses del alta. El 89,6% de la muestra, fueron mujeres, la edad media fue de 83,56 años. El 40% de los pacientes recuperaron la independencia previa registrándose una mortalidad del 16,7% así como una leve progresión hacia la institucionalización. La capacidad funcional y el deterioro cognitivo del paciente, previos a la fractura condicionan su recuperación funcional y dependencias posteriores.

Estudo prospectivo de observação, abrangendo doentes com idade superior a 65 anos, submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica por fratura do quadril. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a evolução funcional dos doentes três meses após a alta hospitalar, identificar as variáveis que influenciaram essa recuperação e descrever a mortalidade e institucionalização. Foram analisadas variáveis como idade, sexo e convivío. Outros aspectos: comorbilidade, deterioração cognitiva, capacidade para se deslocar, nível de dependência segundo índice de Barthel, institucionalização e mortalidade. A informação foi recolhida no momento da admissão e três meses após a alta. Da amostra, 89,6% foram constituídos por mulheres com idade média de 83,56 anos; 40% dos doentes recuperaram a independência anterior, registando-se uma mortalidade de cerca de 16,7% bem como uma ligeira tendência à institucionalização. A capacidade funcional e o grau de deterioração cognitiva antes da fratura condicionam posterior recuperação funcional e consequente nível de dependência.

This prospective study was performed in patients aged 65 years or older who underwent hip fracture surgery. The objective was to determine the functional evolution in a group of patients three months after hospital discharge, to identify the variables related to this functional recovery and to describe the associated mortality and institutionalization process. We analyzed demographic variables such as age, sex, and living situation. Other aspects considered included: comorbidity, cognitive impairment, walking ability, dependency level according to Barthel's Index, institutionalization, and mortality. The information was collected on admission and three months after discharge. Considering the entire sample, 89.6% was female and the average age was 83.56 years; 40% of patients regained their prior independence and a 16.7% mortality rate was registered, together with a slight progression toward institutionalization. The functional capacity and cognitive impairment of patients before the fracture are determinants of functional recovery and subsequent recovery of independence.

Estrategia de tratamiento de las fracturas de la cadera, 2010 / Treatment strategy of hip fractures, 2010

Objetivo: mostrar la influencia de los factores preoperatorio y posoperatorio en el resultado final del tratamiento rehabilitador de las fracturas de cadera en el Hospital General Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos. Métodos: se hizo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal prospectivo, en el cual se trabajó con 68 casos de ingreso por fractura de cadera en el período enero-junio de 2010, operados o no, y que residieron en el municipio de Cienfuegos. Las principales variables evaluadas desde el momento de la fractura hasta 1 año después fueron: edad, sexo, validismo, comorbilidad, complicaciones preoperatorio y posoperatorio, resultado final. Todos se recopilaron en el período estudiado y se registraron en un formulario de datos creados al efecto; además de las hojas de chequeo anestésico, evaluación geriátrica y expedientes clínicos. Resultados: dentro del conjunto de resultados resalta el grupo de edades de 80 a 89 años que predomina en 50 porciento de los pacientes estudiados, así como el sexo femenino con 72 porciento las fracturas extracapsulares resultaron las más frecuentes en 63 porciento del total. Las complicaciones ortopédicas se presentaron en 23 porciento de los casos, se le realizó rehabilitación preoperatoria a 76 porciento, posoperatoria mediante 1 a 7 d a 96 y 86 porciento a los pacientes valorados en consulta especializada de cadera; 89 porciento de los pacientes lograron deambular libremente con algún tipo de ayuda. Conclusiones: los resultados demuestran la experiencia alcanzada por los especialistas en el empleo de las nuevas tecnologías en la realización del acto quirúrgico. Las valoraciones preoperatorias tanto por geriatría o anestesia y la realización de una rehabilitación precoz, a partir de medidas higiénicas sanitarias, psicológicas con seguimiento ambulatorio estricto, y controlando el cumplimiento del entrenamiento familiar en el cuidado de estos pacientes

Objective: to demonstrate the influence of preoperative and postoperative factors in the final result of rehabilitation treatment of hip fractures in patients admitted in the Gustavo Aldereguía Lima University Hospital of Cienfuegos municipality. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal, descriptive and observational study was conducted in 68 cases admitted due to hip fracture from January to June, 2010, operated on or not residents of this municipality. The main variables assessed from the moment of fracture up to one year after were: age, sex, validity, comorbid disease, preoperative and postoperative complications, final result. All were collected in the study period and were registered in a data form created to that end, in addition to the anesthetic checkup sheets, the geriatric assessment and the clinical records. Results: in the group of results is highlighted the age group of 80 to 89 years with predominance in the 50 percent of study patients, as well as the female sex with the 72 percent the extracapsular fractures were the more frequent in the 63 percent of total. The orthopedic complications were present in the 23 percent of cases, preoperative rehabilitation in the 76 percent , postoperative over 1 to 7 days in the 96 and the 86 percent of patients assessed in hip specialized consultation, the 89 percent of patients achieved to walk freely with some type of help. Conclusions: results demonstrate the experience obtained by specialists in the use of new technologies during the surgical act. The preoperative assessments by Geriatric or Anesthesia and the performing of an early rehabilitation, from the health and psychological measures with an strict outpatient follow-up and controlling the fulfillment of family training in the care of these patients

Comportamiento intrahospitalario entre las fracturas de cadera intracapsulares y las extracapsulares / Intrahospital behavior between the intracapsular and the extracapsular hip fracture

Objetivo: establecer la diferencia que existe en el comportamiento intrahospitalario entre la fractura de cadera intracapsular y la extracapsular. Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrosprospectivo de tipo transversal con todos los pacientes operados de fractura de cadera (400 pacientes) que ingresaron en el servicio de ortopedia y traumatologÝa del Hospital Provincial José R. López Tabrane desde enero de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2009. Resultados: se encontraron 277 pacientes (69 porciento ) con fracturas extracapsulares, con un predominio del sexo femenino para ambas fracturas. En los 2 grupos predominó el color de la piel blanca y el grupo de edades de 80 a 89 años. La cadera izquierda resultó la más afectada en las fracturas extracapsulares y en las intracapsulares predominó la cadera derecha. En ambas fracturas el tiempo operatorio fue entre 1 y 2 h (95 porcientio), promedio 1,27 min; las complicaciones resultaron similares, pero predominaron las complicaciones médicas en las intracapsulares (76 porciento), y las quirúrgicas en las extracapsulares (40 porciento). La neumopatía aguda inflamatoria fue la complicación médica más frecuente en ambos grupos. Dentro de las quirúrgicas la celulitis resultó la más representada. Tanto la estadía preoperatoria, posoperatoria como el total resultaron similares en ambos grupos. En el tratamiento la lámina 130 y el tornillo (36 porciento) predominaron en las extracapsulares, y la prótesis parcial en las intracapsulares (39 porciento). En cuanto al estado al egreso fue el mismo en ambos grupos, 97 porciento vivos y 3 porciento fallecidos. Conclusiones: las fracturas extracapsulares se presentaron con más frecuencia que la intracapsulares con un ligero predominio de las complicaciones en este grupo a expensas de las médicas

Objective: to establish the difference in the intrahospital behavior between the intracapsular and the extracapsular hip fracture one. Methods: a cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted in all patients operated on due to hip fracture (400 patients) admitted in the Orthopedics and Traumatology service of the "JosÚ Ram¾n L¾pez Tabrane" Hospital from January, 2008 to December, 2009. Results: two hundred and seventy seven patients (69 %) presenting with extracapsular fractures, with predominance of white race and the age group of 80 to 89 years were found. The left hip was the more involved one in the extracapsular fractures and in the intracapsular ones the was predominance of the right hip. In both types of fractures the operating time was between 1 and 2 h (95 %), mean 1.27 min, the complications were similar but with predominance of medical complications in the intracapsular ones (76 %) and the surgical ones in the extracapsular type (40 %). The acute inflammatory pneumonia was the more frequent medical complication in both groups. Into the surgical ones, the cellulitis was the more represented. The preoperative, the postoperative as a total were similar in both groups. In the treatment the #130 layer and the screw (36 %) predominated in the extracapsular ones and the partial prosthesis in the intracapsular ones (39 %). As regards the discharge status was the same in both groups, 97 % of lives and the 3 % of deceased. Conclusions: the extracapsular fractures were present were more frequent than the intracapsular ones with a slight predominance of complications in this group at the expense of the medical ones

Early interdisciplinary hospital intervention for elderly patients with hip fractures : functional outcome and mortality

OBJECTIVES: Hip fractures are associated with high levels of co-morbidity and mortality. Orthogeriatric units have been shown to be effective with respect to functional recovery and mortality reduction. The aim of this study is to document the natural history of early multidisciplinary intervention in elderly patients with hip fractures and to establish the prognostic factors of mortality and walking ability after discharge. METHODS: This observational, retrospective study was performed in an orthogeriatric care unit on patients aged >70 years with a diagnosis of hip fracture between 2004 and 2008. This study included 1363 patients with a mean age of 82.7 + 6.4 years. RESULTS: On admission to the unit, the average Barthel score of these patients was 77.2 + 27.8 points, and the average Charlson index score was 2.14 + 2.05. The mean length of stay was 8.9 + 4.26 days, and the readmission rate was 2.3%. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.7%, and the mortality rates at one, six, and 12 months after discharge were 8.7%, 16.9%, and 25.9%, respectively. The Cox proportional hazards model estimated that male sex, Barthel scale, heart failure, and cognitive impairment were associated with an increased risk of death. With regard to functionality, 63.7% of the patients were able to walk at the time of discharge, whereas 77.4% and 80.1% were able to walk at one month and six months post-discharge, respectively. The factors associated with a worse functional recovery included cognitive impairment, performance status, age, stroke, Charlson score, and delirium during the hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Early multidisciplinary intervention appears to be effective for the management of hip fracture. Age, male sex, baseline function, cognitive impairment and previous comorbidities are associated with a higher mortality rate and worse functional recovery.

Tratamiento conservador en paciente con fracturas de ambas caderas / Conservative treatment in patient presenting with fracture of both hips

Se realizó la presentación de un caso que sufrió una fractura intertrocantérica del fémur derecho, sin resultado satisfactorio de la técnica quirúrgica aplicada. Se decidió tratamiento conservador, y tras rehabilitación domiciliaria, como secuela quedaron 3 cm de acortamiento en su miembro inferior derecho, por lo que se corrige la discrepancia del miembro inferior con elevación del calzado y realiza una marcha aceptable. Cuatro años después sufre una nueva caída y en esta ocasión presentó fractura intertrocantérica del fémur izquierdo, se decidió también un tratamiento conservador, y tras largo período de fisioterapia en su domicilio y después de la autorización para la marcha por el especialista, se nota el acortamiento de 3 cm en este caso del miembro inferior izquierdo, por lo que, suprimiendo la elevación del calzado derecho, se logra la corrección y una marcha aceptable con un banquillo

This is a case presentation related to an intertrochanteric fracture of right femur without a satisfactory result with the applied surgical technique. We choose to conservative treatment and after home rehabilitation, as sequela remains 3 cm shortening in its right lower extremity correcting the inferior extremity discrepancy rising the footwear waking in an acceptable way. Four years later he suffered a new fall and in this occasion also had a intertrochanteric fracture of left femur applying again a conservative treatment and after a long period of physiotherapy at home and after the specialist authorization to walk there is a 3 cm shortening of left inferior extremity and with abolition of right footwear rise, it is possible the correction and acceptable gait with the help of a walker

Avaliação prospectiva da evolução clínica, radiográfica e funcional do tratamento das fraturas trocantéricas instáveis do fêmur com haste cefalomedular / Prospective assessment of the clinical, radiographic and functional evolution of treatment for unstable trochanteric fractures of the femur using a cephalomedullary nail

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, durante um ano de seguimento pós-operatório, a evolução clínica, radiográfica e funcional das fraturas trocantéricas instáveis do fêmur submetidas à osteossíntese com haste cefalomedular. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 14 homens e 23 mulheres com idade média de 77,7 anos, 27 destes com fraturas AO/ASIF 31A2 e 10, 31A3. Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente, radiograficamente e funcionalmente com uma semana, duas semanas, um mês, dois meses, seis meses e um ano de pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Nas complicações clínicas, verificaram-se cinco casos de óbito, um caso de úlcera de calcâneo, um caso de obstrução arterial aguda e dois casos de trombose venosa profunda. Na avaliação radiográfica, o ângulo cervicodiafisário médio no pós-operatório imediato foi de 132,5°. O índice ponta-ápice médio foi de 22,8mm. Após um ano, o ângulo cervicodiafisário médio foi de 131,7. A consolidação da fratura foi verificada em todos os pacientes após seis meses de pós-operatório, exceto em um caso que apresentou cut out. Não houve casos de fratura abaixo do implante. A avaliação funcional através do escore de Harris após um ano apresentou uma média de 69,3 pontos. A avaliação da progressão da marcha identificou que, após um ano, 40,6 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam a mesma capacidade de deambulação prévia. Através da escala visual analógica de dor, identificamos diminuição importante das queixas álgicas, passando de 5,19 com uma semana para 2,25 após um ano. CONCLUSÃO: A osteossíntese com haste cefalomedular resultou em baixas complicações clínicas, mecânicas e resultados funcionais adequados.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical, radiological and functional evolution of osteosynthesis using a cephalomedullary nail, in unstable trochanteric fractures of the femur, over a one-year postoperative follow-up. METHODS: Fourteen men and 23 women of mean age 77.7 years were evaluated. Twenty -seven of them had fractures classified as AO/ASIF 31A2 and ten as 31A3. The patients were evaluated clinically, radiologically and functionally one week, two weeks, one month, two months, six months and one year after the operation. RESULTS: The clinical complications comprised five cases of death, one case of calcaneal ulcer, one case of acute arterial obstruction and two cases of deep vein thrombosis. The radiographic evaluation showed that the mean cervicodiaphyseal angle in the immediate postoperative period was 132.5°. The mean tip-apex index was 22.8 mm. After one year, the mean cervicodiaphyseal angle was 131.7°. Fracture consolidation was seen in all the patients six months after the operation, except in one case that presented cut-out. There were no cases of fracture below the implant. The functional evaluation using the Harris score after one year showed a mean of 69.3 points. The evaluation of walking progress showed that after one year, 40.6 percent of the patients had the same ability to walk that they had before the fracture. The visual analogue pain scale showed that a significant decrease in pain complaints occurred, going from 5.19 in the first week to 2.25 after 1 year. CONCLUSION: Osteosynthesis using a cephalomedullary nail resulted in low rates of clinical and mechanical complications and adequate functional outcomes.